Analyzing the Legal Implications of the Open Proportional System in Indonesian Legislative Elections: A Focus on Political Liberalization and Corruption

Abd Hannan*  -  Institut Agama Islam Negeri Madura, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author

The study focuses on discussing the problem of legal implementing an open proportional election system in legislative elections in Indonesia, its role and influence on the emergence of political anomalies within the parliament, in this case political liberalization and corruption. The study question is about the dynamics of implementing an open proportional system in the context of elections and how the legislative elections are correlated with the practice of political liberalization and corruption in Indonesia. This study is qualitative research conducted using a library approach. As a result, elections with an open proportional system contain several weaknesses and deficiencies that have the potential to give rise to corrupt practices within the board, both at the regional central level. The potential for the emergence of corrupt practices in open proportional system elections is caused by two things; First, open proportional electoral systems tend to be liberal and capitalist. Competition for leadership tends to focus on pragmatic areas that are centered on money and power relations, no longer in productive areas such as ideas, thoughts, ideas. Second, because of these liberalization and capitalization practices, political costs and expenses soared beyond rational and reasonable limits. In the end, uncontrolled political costs become a financial burden later that they must pay off and return.

Studi fokus membahas problem implikasi hukum sistem proporsional terbuka dalam pemilu legislatif di Indonesia, peran dan pengaruhnya terhadap munculnya anomali politik di kalangan dewan, dalam hal ini adalah liberalisasi politik dan korupsi. Pertanyaan kajian adalah dinamika penerapan sistem proporsional terbuka dalam konteks Pemilu serta bagaimana korelasi dalam pemilu legislatif dengan praktik liberalisasi politik dan korupsi di Indonesia. Studi ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan kepustakaan. Hasilnya, gelaran pemilu dengan sistem proporsional terbuka memuat sejumlah kelemahan dan kekurangan yang berpotensi besar menimbulkan praktik korupsi di kalangan dewan, baik di tingkat pusat daerah.  Potensi munculnya praktik korupsi dalam pemilu sistem proporsional terbuka disebabkan oleh dua hal; pertama, sistem pemilu proporsional terbuka cenderung liberal dan kapitalis. Kompetisi kepemimpinan cenderung berkutat di wilayah-wilayah prgamatis yang berpusat pada uang dan relasi kekuasaan, bukan lagi ada di wilayah-wilayah produktif semisal ide, pemikiran, gagasan. Kedua, akibat dari praktik liberalisasi dan kapitalisasi tersebut, ongkos dan biaya politik melambung tinggi melebihi batas rasional dan kewajaran. Pada akhirnya, biaya politik tidak terkontrol menjadi beban finansial di kemudian hari yang harus mereka lunasi dan kembalikan.

Keywords: legislative elections; legal implication; political liberalization, corruption

  1. Abdussamad, Gusti M. Ardi, and Ergina Faralita. 2023. ‘Korupsi Politik Terlahir dari Sistem Pemilihan Umum Menggunakan Sistem Proporsional Terbuka di Indonesia’. 11(2337).
  2. Akili, Rustam HS. 2022. ‘Open Proportional Election System According to the Perspective of Constitutional Law’. Jurnal Infokum 10(5).
  3. Al-Hamdi, Ridho, Sakir Sakir, and Tanto Lailam. 2021. Evaluating Closed-List Proportional Representation System and Its Compatibility in Contemporary Indonesian Election.
  4. Amalia, Zunita. 2018. ‘Ramai Artis Nyaleg, SMRC: Bisa Dongkrak Popularitas Partai’. detiknews. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4119529/ramai-artis-nyaleg-smrc-bisa-dongkrak-popularitas-partai).
  5. Amrullah, Amri. 2023. ‘Pengamat: Sistem Proporsional Tertutup Perkuat Oligarki, Hambat Partisipasi Politik’. Republika Online. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://republika.co.id/share/ro5t8a291).
  6. Aranditio, Stephanus. 2023. ‘Bakal Caleg Menanti Putusan MK Agar Mantap di Pemilu 2024’. kompas.id. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://www.kompas.id/baca/polhuk/2023/04/29/caleg-petahana-berharap-mk-putuskan-sistem-proporsional-terbuka).
  7. Argawati, Utami. 2023a. ‘Open-List Proportional System in Line with Truth and Justice’. En.Mkri.Id. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://en.mkri.id/news/details/2023-05-23/Open-List_Proportional_System_in_Line_with_Truth_and_Justice).
  8. Argawati, Utami. 2023b. ‘Pro-Kontra Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Terbuka’. Www.Mkri.Id. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=19011).
  9. Astungkoro, Ronggo. 2021. ‘Mahfud: Korupsi Era Reformasi Lebih Meluas Dibanding Orba’. Republika Online. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://republika.co.id/share/qtpaso354).
  10. Benedict R. O’G. Anderson. 1983. ‘Old State, New Society: Indonesia’s New Order in Comparative Historical Perspective’. The Journal of Asian Studies 42(3):477–96. doi: 10.2307/2055514.
  11. C. N. N., Indonesia. 2022. ‘Gugat UU ke MK, Kader PDIP-NasDem Mau Pemilu Coblos Partai Bukan Caleg’. nasional. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20221117172138-12-875218/gugat-uu-ke-mk-kader-pdip-nasdem-mau-pemilu-coblos-partai-bukan-caleg).
  12. Carey, John M., and Simon Hix. 2011. ‘The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems’. American Journal of Political Science 55(2):383–97. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00495.x.
  13. Chang, Eric C. C. 2005. ‘Electoral Incentives for Political Corruption under Open-List Proportional Representation’. The Journal of Politics 67(3):716–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2005.00336.x.
  14. Cheibub, José Antonio, and Gisela Sin. 2020. ‘Preference Vote and Intra-Party Competition in Open List PR Systems’. Journal of Theoretical Politics 32(1):70–95. doi: 10.1177/0951629819893024.
  15. Cusack, Thomas, Torben Iversen, and David Soskice. 2010. ‘Coevolution of Capitalism and Political Representation: The Choice of Electoral Systems’. The American Political Science Review 104(2):393–403.
  16. De Vries, Catherine E., and Hector Solaz. 2017. ‘The Electoral Consequences of Corruption’. Annual Review of Political Science 20(1):391–408. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-052715-111917.
  17. Diprose, Rachael, Dave McRae, and Vedi R. Hadiz. 2019. ‘Two Decades of Reformasi in Indonesia: Its Illiberal Turn’. Journal of Contemporary Asia 49(5):691–712. doi: 10.1080/00472336.2019.1637922.
  18. Ekowati, Endah Yuli. 2019. ‘Pragmatisme Politik: Antara Koalisi, Pencalonan, Dan Calon Tunggal Dalam Pilkada’. Jurnal Transformative 5(1):16–37. doi: 10.21776/ub.transformative.2019.005.01.2.
  19. Hadiz, Vedi R. 2000. ‘Retrieving the Past for the Future? Indonesia and the New Order Legacy’. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 28(2):11–33.
  20. Husin, Luthfi Hamzah, Heroik Mutaqin Pratama, Wegik Prasetyo, Hendra Hendra, Wawan Budi Darmawan, Firman Manan, and Feri Amsari. 2021. ‘Malpraktik Pemilu dan Korupsi: Analisis terhadap Proses Penghitungan dan Rekapitulasi pada Pemilu Indonesia 2019’. Jurnal Integritas 7(1):57–78. doi: 10.32697/integritas.v7i1.720.
  21. ICW Indonesia. 2016. ‘Ini Empat Akar Masalah Korupsi Di Legislatif’. Https://Antikorupsi.Org/. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://antikorupsi.org/id/article/ini-empat-akar-masalah-korupsi-di-legislatif).
  22. Indonesia, C. N. N. 2020. ‘Survei TII: DPR Lembaga Paling Korup’. nasional. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20201204075231-32-577831/survei-tii-dpr-lembaga-paling-korup).
  23. Jati, Wasisto Raharjo. 2021. ‘From Rational to Irrational Behaviour: The Shift in Indonesian Voting Behaviour After Reformasi Era’. Politica 12(2).
  24. JEO Kompas.com. 2019. ‘Buka-Bukaan Biaya Caleg Demi Kursi Di Senayan’. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://nasional.kompas.com/jeo/buka-bukaan-biaya-caleg-demi-kursi-di-senayan).
  25. Junaidi, Veri, Khoirunnisa Agustyati, Ibnu Setyo Hastomo, and Harun Husein. 2013. Politik hukum sistem pemilu: potret keterbukaan dan partisipasi publik dalam penyusunan Undang-Undang nomor 8 tahun 2012 tentang Pemilihan Umum Anggota DPR, DPD, dan DPRD. Cetakan I. Tebet, Jakarta, Indonesia: Yayasan Perludem.
  26. Karp, Jeffrey A., and Susan A. Banducci. 2008. ‘Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour’. British Journal of Political Science 38(2):311–34.
  27. (KBBI) Online. n.d. ‘Arti Kata Liberalisme - Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Online’. Https://Kbbi.Web.Id. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://kbbi.web.id/liberalisme).
  28. K.Denzim, Norman. 1994. Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage Publication.
  29. Koran, Untung Widyanto. 2014. ‘Caleg Nekat Biayai Kampanye Di Atas Rp 5 Miliar’. Tempo. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://pemilu.tempo.co/read/563666/caleg-nekat-biayai-kampanye-di-atas-rp-5-miliar).
  30. Kuhner, Timothy K. 2014. Capitalism v. Democracy: Money in Politics and the Free Market Constitution. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  31. Lita Tyesta A.L.W, Ratna Herawati, Mega Putri Rahayu*,. 2017. ‘Sistem Proporsional Dalam Pemilihan Umum Legislatif Di Indonesia’. Diponegoro Law Journal; Vol 6, No 2 (2017): Volume 6 Nomor 2, Tahun 2017DO - 10.14710/Dlj.2017.17295.
  32. Makarim, Muhammad Revan Fauzano, and Khairul Fahmi. 2022. ‘Permasalahan dan Dampak dari Implementasi Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Terbuka terhadap Sistem Politik’. Journal of Social and Policy Issues 2(2):50–57. doi: 10.58835/jspi.v2i2.39.
  33. Media, Kompas Cyber. 2020. ‘Survei TII: Publik Nilai DPR Institusi Paling Korup’. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/12/03/13290721/survei-tii-publik-nilai-dpr-institusi-paling-korup).
  34. Media, Kompas Cyber. 2023. ‘Kadernya Ajukan Judicial Review Sistem Pemilu, PDI-P: Kami Hormati Apapun Putusan MK’. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 2 June 2023 (https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/01/08/17291311/kadernya-ajukan-judicial-review-sistem-pemilu-pdi-p-kami-hormati-apapun).
  35. Morgan-Jones, Edward, and Mathew Loveless. 2021. ‘Early Election Calling and Satisfaction with Democracy’. Government and Opposition 1–25. doi: 10.1017/gov.2021.44.
  36. Morissan. 2005. Hukum Tata Negara Era Reformasi. Jakarta: Ramdina Prakarsa.
  37. Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. n.d. ‘Politik Uang dan New Normal dalam Pemilu Paska-Orde Baru’. Jurnal Antikorupsi Integritas 05(1).
  38. Ni’am, Syakirun. 2022. ‘Sejak KPK Berdiri, 1.479 Jadi Tersangka, 319 di Antaranya Anggota DPR-DPRD’. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/12/09/15532771/sejak-kpk-berdiri-1479-jadi-tersangka-319-di-antaranya-anggota-dpr-dprd).
  39. OECD. 2020. Innovative Citizen Participation and New Democratic Institutions: Catching the Deliberative Wave. OECD.
  40. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary at. n.d. ‘Election Noun-Definition, Pictures, Pronunciation and Usage Notes’. OxfordLearnersDictionaries.Com. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/election).
  41. Prathomo, Adi. 2023. ‘PDIP, Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Terbuka Ciptakan Liberalisasi Politik’. PDIP, sistem pemilu proporsional terbuka ciptakan liberalisasi politik - Jakarta Insider. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://www.jakartainsider.id/politika/pr-7316432941/pdip-sistem-pemilu-proporsional-terbuka-ciptakan-liberalisasi-politik).
  42. Pratiwi, Diah Ayu. 2018. ‘Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Daftar Terbuka Di Indonesia: Melahirkan Korupsi Politik?’ Jurnal Trias Tripolitika 2(1). doi: 10.33373/jtp.v2i1.1235.
  43. Rahma, Nurida Maulidia. 2022. ‘Review Buku sebuah Pembelajaran untuk Pemilu yang Akan Datang’. Jurnal Penelitian Politik 9(1).
  44. Rais, Andi Muhammad Safwan, Samsul Wahidin, Riski Febria Nurita, and Raditya Feda Rifandhana. 2019. ‘Analisis Asas Hukum Langsung, Umum, Bebas, Rahasia, Jujur, Adil dalam Pemilihan Umum Serentak Tahun 2019’. 2(2).
  45. Reynolds, Andrew, Ben Reilly, and Andrew Ellis. 2016. Desain Sistem Pemilu: Buku Panduan Baru International IDEA. Stockholm: International IDEA.
  46. Riwanto, Agus. 2015. ‘Korelasi Pengaturan Sistem Pemilu Proporsional Terbuka Berbasis Suara Terbanyak Dengan Korupsi Politik Di Indonesia’. Jurnal Yustisia 4(1). doi: DO - 10.20961/yustisia.v4i1.8624.
  47. Romli, Lili. 2018. ‘Pilkada Langsung, Calon Tunggal, Dan Masa Depan Demokrasi Lokal’. Jurnal Penelitian Politik 15(2):143. doi: 10.14203/jpp.v15i2.757.
  48. Sarbaini. 2015. ‘Demokratisasi dan Kebebasan Memilih Warga Negara dalam Pemilihan Umum’. Jurnal Inovati 8(1).
  49. Sidebang, Flori. 2023. ‘Ini Profil Ary Egahni, Anggota Komisi III DPR yang Ditetapkan Tersangka oleh KPK’. Republika Online. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://republika.co.id/share/rs81e3409).
  50. Syafei, Muhammad, and Muhammad Rafi Darajati. 2020. ‘Design of General Election in Indonesia’. Law Reeform 16(1):97–111. doi: 10.14710/lr.v16i1.30308.
  51. Tambunan, Derwin. 2023. ‘The Intervention of Oligarchy in the Indonesian Legislative Process’. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 20578911231159396. doi: 10.1177/20578911231159395.
  52. tnr, Muhamad rizki. 2014. ‘Johan Budi Sebut Korupsi Di Indonesia Meningkat’. Tempo. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://nasional.tempo.co/read/619486/johan-budi-sebut-korupsi-di-indonesia-meningkat).
  53. Widayat, Rossi Maunofa, Achmad Nurmandi, Yeni Rosilawati, Haedar Natshir, M. Syamsurrijal, and Tawakkal Baharuddin. 2022. ‘Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Articles on Presidential Election in Social Media’. Makassar, Indonesia.
  54. Widiastuti, Rina. 2019. ‘5 Fakta Kasus Suap Anggota DPR Bowo Sidik Pangarso’. Tempo. Retrieved 7 June 2023 (https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1190378/5-fakta-kasus-suap-anggota-dpr-bowo-sidik-pangarso).
  55. Wijayanto. 2009. Korupsi Mengorupsi Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Walisongo Law Review (Walrev)
Published by the Department of Law Studies, Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Professor Hamka Road Km. 02 Ngaliyan, Semarang 50185 
Phone: +62 852-2530-0659
Website: https://fsh.walisongo.ac.id/
Email: [email protected]

ISSN: 2715-3347 (print)
ISSN: 2722-0400 (online)

This work is licensed under a

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a 
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

 
apps