Do Gender, Financial Income, And Religiosity Influence Indonesian's Donations?

Aris Puji Purwatiningsih*    -  Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Indonesia
Risky Yuniar Rahmadieni    -  Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Mulia Astuti Wonogiri, Indonesia
Harini Abrilia Setyawati    -  Universitas Putra Bangsa, Indonesia
Bakri Abdul Karim  -  Universiti Malaysia Serawak, Malaysia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/ihya.25.1.15286

This study aimed to identify whether gender, financial income, and religiosity influenced Indonesians' donation behavior during the 2021 Covid-19 pandemic. Besides that, its purpose is also to determine which religiosity dimension significantly correlates to the Indonesians' donation intention during the Covid-19 outbreak. The research questions whether gender, financial income, and religiosity influence Indonesian people's donation behavior in the 2021 Covid-19 pandemic era. The data was collected through questionnaires to 334 respondents in 34 provinces in Indonesia that were then analyzed using Partial Least Square (P.L.S.); it was found that financial income, gender, and religiosity significantly influence donation behavior. The religiosity dimension significantly influences donation behavior is the sincerity of Zakat (Islamic charity tax for wealth) paying routine behavior. In contrast, the religion literature study behavior significantly negatively influences the respondents' donation behavior. This study successfully proves that there are influences of gender, financial income, and religiosity on the respondents' donation behavior. This is very important for many stakeholders, like the government, N.G.O.s, and Zakah Institution, so they can formulate policies and strategies to increase the participation of Indonesian in donating.

Keywords: Donation behavior, Indonesia, Covid-19

  1. Abreu, M.E., De Laureano, R.M.S., Silva, R.V., da. and Dionísio, P. 2015. "Volunteerism, compassion, and religiosity as drivers of donation practices." Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing Vol. 20(No. 3), 256-276. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1526.
  2. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. 1988. "Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach." Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 103(No. 3): 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
  3. Andreoni, J., Brown, E., & Rischall, I. 2003. "Charitable Giving by Married Couples: Who Decides and Why Does It Matter?" The Journal of Human Resources Vol. 38(No. 1): 111–133. https://doi.org/10.2307/1558758.
  4. Andreoni, J. 1990. "Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods: A Theory of Warm-Glow Giving." The Economic Journal, Vol. 100(No. 401): 464. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234133.
  5. Auten, G. E., Clotfelter, C. T., & Schmalbeck, R. L. 2002. Taxes and philanthropy among the wealthy. In J. B. Slemrod (Ed.), Does atlas shrug? The economic consequences of taxing the rich. Amerika Serikat: Harvard University Press.
  6. Baron, R.M. and Kenny, D.A. 1986. "The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 51(No. 6): 1173-1182.
  7. Bekkers, R., & Schuyt, T. 2008. "And Who Is Your Neighbor? Explaining Denominational Differences in Charitable Giving and Volunteering in the Netherlands." Review of Religious Research Vol. 50(No. 1): 74–96. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20447529.
  8. Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. 2010. "A Literature Review of Empirical Studies of Philanthropy: Eight Mechanisms That Drive Charitable Giving." Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010380927.
  9. Benediktson, M. N. 2018. Investigating the U-shaped charitable giving profile using register-based data [COHERE discussion paper]. Centre of Health Economics Research.
  10. Bin-Nashwan, S.A., Abdul-Jabbar, H., Aziz, S.A. and Haladu, A. 2020b. "Zakah compliance behavior among entrepreneurs: economic factors approach." International Journal of Ethics and Systems Vol. 36(No. 2): 285-302. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-09-2019-0145.
  11. Brown, E., & Ferris, J. M. 2007. "Social Capital and Philanthropy: An Analysis of the Impact of Social Capital on Individual Giving and Volunteering." Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 36(No. 1): 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764006293178.
  12. Bullock, A. 1997. "Taxes, Social Policy and Philanthropy: The Untapped Potential of Middle and Low Income Generosity." Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 6(No. 2). Retrieved from https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cjlpp/vol6/iss2/3.
  13. Chan, A., & Lee, S. K. 2014. "Individual religious involvements in America across time." International Journal of Social Economics Vol. 41(No. 2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2012-0213.
  14. Charseatd, P. 2016. "Role of religious beliefs in blood donation behavior among the youngster in Iran: A theory of planned behavior perspective." Journal of Islamic Marketing Vol. 7(No. 3): 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-05-2014-0037.
  15. Choi, N. G. & DiNitto, D. M. 2012. "Predictors of Time Volunteering, Religious Giving, and Secular Giving: Implications for Non-profit Organizations." Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare Vol. 39(No. 2). https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol39/iss2/6.
  16. Clerkin, Richard M., Sharon R. Paynter, and Jami K. Taylor. 2009. "Public service motivation in undergraduate giving and: Volunteering decisions." American Review of Public Administration Vol. 39: 675–698.
  17. Complete Research Library. 2015. Women’s Philanthropy Institute. Amerika Serikat: Institutes Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. Retrieved April 10, 2022, from https://philanthropy.iupui.edu/institutes/womens-philanthropy-institute/library/index.html.
  18. Cowley, E., McKenzie, T., Pharoah, C., & Smith, S. 2011. The new state of donation: Three decades of household giving to charity 1978-2008. Centre for Charitable Giving and Philanthropy.
  19. Darnell, A., & Sherkat, D. 1997. "The Impact of Protestant Fundamentalism on Educational Attainment." American Sociological Review Vol. 62.
  20. Mesch, D. J., Brown, M. S., Moore, Z. I., & Hayat, A. D. 2011. "Gender Differences in Charitable Giving." International Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing Vol. 16(No. 4): 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/NVSM.432.
  21. Eagly, A. H. 2009. His And Hers Of Pro-Social Behavior: An Examination Of The Social Psychology Of Gender." American Psychologist, Vol. 64(No. 8): 644–658. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003066X.64.8.644.
  22. Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. 1986. "Gender And Helping Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of The Social Psychological Literature." Psychological Bulletin Vol. 100(No. 3): 283–308 https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211014513.
  23. Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. 2004. "Giving to Secular Causes by the Religious and Nonreligious: An Experimental Test of the Responsiveness of Giving to Subsidies." Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 33(No. 2): 271–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764004263423.
  24. Einolf, C. J. 2011. "Gender Differences in the Correlates of Volunteering and Charitable Giving." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 40(No. 6): 1092–1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764010385949.
  25. Fényes, Hajnalka, and Gabriella Pusztai. 2012. "Volunteering Among Higher Education Students. Focusing On The Micro-Level Factors." Journal of Social Research and Policy Vol. 3: 73–95.
  26. Ghorban Sabbagh, M. 2020. "Examining the relationship between "Science" and "Religion" in Socio-Cultural Context of the Renaissance: A Kuhnian Reading of Bacon's New Atlantis." International Journal of Society, Culture & Language Vol. 8(No. 1): 60-69.
  27. Glass, J. 2006. "The Time Divide: Work, Family and Gender Inequality. Jerry A. Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson." Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 51(No. 3): 509–511. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.51.3.509.
  28. Glock CY and Stark R. 1965. Religion and Society in Tension. Chicago: Rand McNally.
  29. Hair F Jr, Joe; Sarstedt, Marko; Hopkins, Lucas; G. Kuppelwieser, Volker. 2014. "Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)." European Business Review Vol. 26(No. 2): 106– 121. doi:10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128.
  30. Hati, S. R. H., & Idris, A. 2014. "Antecedents of customers' intention to support Islamic social enterprises in Indonesia: The role of socioeconomic status, religiosity, and organizational credibility." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics Vol. 26(No. 5): 707–737. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2014-0126.
  31. Hirschman, E. C. 1983. "Aesthetics, Ideologies, and the Limits of the Marketing Concept." Journal of Marketing Vol. 47(No. 3): 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298304700306.
  32. Hoffmann, J. P., & Bartkowski, J. P. 2008. "Gender, religious tradition, and biblical literalism." Social Forces, Vol. 86(No. 3), 1245–1272. https://doi.org/10.1353/SOF.0.0013.
  33. Hughes, P., & Luksetich, W. 2008. "Income Volatility and Wealth: The Effect on Charitable Giving." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 37(No. 2): 264–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764007310416.
  34. Iannaccone, L. R., Finke, R., & Stark, R. 1997. "Deregulating Religion: The Economics of Church And State.†Economic Inquiry Vol. 35(No. 2): 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.14657295.1997.TB01915.X.
  35. James, R. N., & Sharpe, D. L. 2007. "The nature and causes of the U-shaped charitable giving profile." Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 36(No. 2): 218–238.
  36. Jencks, C. 1987. Who gives to what? In W. W. Powell (Ed.), The non-profit sector: A research handbook (pp. 321–339). Amerika Serikat: Yale University Press.
  37. Kaur, H. 2020. "Forget ‘social distancing.’ The WHO prefers we call it ‘physical distancing’ because social connections are more important than everâ€Â, available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/ 15/world/social-distancing-language changetrnd/index.html (accessed 20 April 2022).
  38. Kreijns, K., Xu, K. & Weidlich, J. 2022. "Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement." Educ Psychol Rev Vol. 34: 139–170. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-02109623-8
  39. Lam, Pui-Yan. 2002. "As the Flocks Gather: How Religion Affects Voluntary Association Participation." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 41: 405–422.
  40. Lewis, Bruce R., Gary F Templeton & Terry Anthony Byrd. 2005. "A Methodology for Construct Development in M.I.S. Research." European Journal of Information Systems Vol. 14(No. 4), 388400, DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000552.
  41. Lin, T. L., Liu, H. Y., Huang, C. J., & Chen, Y. C. 2018. "Ownership structure, board gender diversity, and charitable donation." Corporate Governance Bingley Vol. 18(No. 4): 655–670. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-12-2016-0229/FULL/PDF.
  42. Li, Q. 2017. "Research on impact factors for online donation behavior of bank customers." The Journal of Finance and Data Science Vol. 3(No. 1–4), 13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JFDS.2017.09.001.
  43. Li, Y. 2017. "Is Methodology Destiny? Religiosity and Charitable Giving." International Journal of Social Economics Vol. 44(No. 9): 1197–1210. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-04-2016-0118.
  44. Luo, Gongli, Lihai Zhang, and Youcai Yang. 2012. "Empirical Research of Young Volunteer’s Motivation-A Case Study of College Students in Shandong Province". Youth Studies Vol. 383: 1–10.
  45. Lwin, M., Phau, I., & Lim, A. 2013. "Chari1table donations: Empirical evidence from Brunei." AsiaPacific Journal of Business Administration Vol. 5(No. 3): 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-122012-0081.
  46. Julius A. Mulyadi. 1997. Makroekonomi: Edisi Keempat / Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer; Alih bahasa. Makassar: Perpustakaan Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://library.unismuh.ac.id/opac/detail-opac?id=2203.
  47. Mesch, D. J., Brown, M. S., Moore, Z. I., & Hayat, A. D. 2011. "Gender Differences in Charitable Giving." International Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing Vol. 16(No. 4): 342–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/NVSM.432.
  48. Mesch, G. S. 2006. "Family Relations and the Internet: Exploring a Family Boundaries Approach." Journal of Family Communication Vol. 6(No. 2): 119–138. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327698JFC0602_2.
  49. Metawie, M., El, E.-K., St, M., Cairo, A., & Mostafa, R. H. A. 2015. "Predictors of Egyptian University Students’ Charitable Intentions: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior." International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 6(No. 8).
  50. Noor, A.H.B.M., Isa, N.A.M., Irpan, H.M., Bahrom, H.B., Salleh, A.B.M. and Ridzuan, A.R.B. 2015. "Characteristic affecting charitable donations behavior: empirical evidence from Malaysia." Procedia Economics and Finance Vol. 31: 563 -572.
  51. Novossyolova, Y., Iost, O., Tsvetkova, A., Alekseev, P. 2021. "Problems of Multiculturalism in the Works of Russian-Speaking Poets of the Pavlodar Irtysh Land." International Journal of Society, Culture & Language Vol. 9(No. 2): 123-136. (Themed Issue on Modern Realities of National Languages of C.I.S. Countries).
  52. Oviedo, Lluis. 2016. "Religious Attitudes and Pro-Social Behavior: A Systematic Review of Published Research." Religion, Brain & Behavior Vol. 6: 169–184.
  53. Ozorak, Elizabeth Weiss. 2003. "Love Of God and Neighbor: Religion and Volunteer Service Among College Students." Review of Religious Research Vol. 44: 285–299.
  54. Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Carlo, G. (Eds.). 2015. Pro-Social Development: A Multidimensional Approach. Inggris: Oxford University Press.
  55. Perry, James L. et al.. 2008. "What Drives Morally Committed Citizens? A Study of the Antecedents of Public Service Motivation on JSTOR." Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25145623.
  56. Pishghadam, R., Ebrahimi, S., Miri, M., Shayesteh, S. 2021. "Sapioemotionality as a New Attribute in Socio-Cultural Studies." International Journal of Society, Culture & Language Vol. 9(No. 3): 16-27.
  57. Read, J.N.G. and Oselin, S. 2008. "Gender and the Education-Employment Paradox in Ethnic and Religious Contexts: The Case of Arab Americans." American Sociological Review Vol. 73: 296-313. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300206.
  58. Regnerus, Mark. 2003. "Religion and Positive Adolescent Outcomes: A Review of Research and Theory." Review of Religious Research Vol. 44: 394–413.
  59. Reitsma, J., Scheepers, P., & Grotenhuis, M. T. 2006. "Dimensions of Individual Religiosity and Charity: Cross-National Effect Differences in European Countries?" Review of Religious Research Vol. 47(No. 4): 347–362. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20058103.
  60. Schervish, P. G., & Havens, J. J. 1995. "Explaining the curve in the U-shaped curve." Voluntas Vol. 6(No. 2): 202–225.
  61. Schervish, P. G., & Havens, J. J. 1998. "Embarking on a Republic of Benevolence? New Survey Findings on Charitable Giving." Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 27(No. 2): 237– 242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764098272007.
  62. Schervish, P. G., & Havens, J. J. 2001. "Wealth and the Commonwealth: New Findings on Wherewithal and Philanthropy." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly Vol. 30(No. 1): 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764001301001.
  63. Showers, V. E., Showers, L. S., Beggs, J. M., & Cox, J. E. 2011. Charitable Giving Expenditures and the Faith Factor. American Journal of Economics and Sociology Vol. 70(No. 1): 152–186. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27916922.
  64. Son, J., & Wilson, J. 2012. Using Normative Theory to Explain the Effect of Religion and Education on Volunteering. Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 55(No. 3): 473–499. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.3.473.
  65. Straub, D., Boudreau, M., & Gefen, D. 2004. "Validation Guidelines for I.S. Positivist Research." Communications of the Association for Information Systems Vol 13, pp pp. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01324.
  66. Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. 2000. "The past, Present, And Future of An Identity Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly Vol. 63(No. 4): 284–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695840.
  67. Takayuki, Yoshioka. 2003. Patterns of Overall Giving in COPPS 2003. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/6373.
  68. Taussig, M.K. 2021. "Economic Aspects of The Personal Income Tax Treatment of Charitable Contributions." National Tax Journal Vol. 20(No. 1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41792124.
  69. Teymoori, A.; Heydari, A.; Nasiri, H. 2014. "Relationship Between Dimensions of Religiosity, Authoritarianism, And Moral Authority." Social Compass Vol. 61(No. 1): 92–107. doi:10.1177/0037768613514320.
  70. Vaidyanathan, B., Hill, J. P., & Smith, C. 2011. "Religion and Charitable Financial Giving to Religious and Secular Causes: Does Political Ideology Matter?" Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol. 50(No. 3): 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-5906.2011.01584.X.
  71. VDMF, Julia D. E. Prinz. 2004. "The relationship between the inner and outer dimensions of Islam is a foundation for inter-religious dialogue." Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations Vol. 15(No. 2), 171– 184. doi:10.1080/0959641042000192783.
  72. Wang, X., Zhang, Z., & Jia, M. 2021. "Community Norms and Corporate Philanthropy: The Moderating Role of Women on Board of Directors." International Journal of Manpower. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03-2020-0118.
  73. Zinsmeister, Karl. 2016. The Almanac of American Philanthropy. Amerika Serikat: Washington, DC.
  74. De Wit, A., & Bekkers, R. 2015. "Exploring Gender Differences in Charitable Giving." Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764015601242.
  75. Mesch, D. J., Brown, M. S., Moore, Z. I., & Hayat, A. D. 2011. "Gender Differences in Charitable Giving." International Journal of Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Marketing Vol. 16(No. 4): 342-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.432.
  76. Banding, M. P., & Mayangsari, S. 2017. "The Impact of Financial and Non-Financial Information Disclosure to Donation Decision in Non-Profit Organizations by Individual Donor (A True-Experiment Research)." Research Journal of Finance and Accounting.
  77. Tusche, A., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Trautwein, F. M., & Singer, T. 2016. "Decoding the Charitable Brain: Empathy, Perspective Taking, and Attention Shifts Differentially Predict Altruistic Giving." Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 36(No. 17): 4719–4732. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3392-15.2016.

Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

International Journal Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din 
published by Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Walisongo Semarang, Indonesia

Jl. Walisongo No.3-5, Tambakaji, Kec. Ngaliyan, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah 50185
Phone: +62 857-3303-6860
Website: http://pasca.walisongo.ac.id/
Email: [email protected] 

ISSN: 1411-3708 (Print)
ISSN: 2580-5983 (Online)
DOI : 10.21580/ihya

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

 
View My Stats
apps