Al-KhurÅ«j ‘alÄ al-ḤÄÂkim fÄ« al-Fiqh al-SiyÄÂsÄ« al-IslÄÂmÄ«: DirÄÂsah ‘alÄ Ma’nÄ al-Thawrah

Taufiqul Hadi*  -  Institut Agama Islam Negeri Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
Mohammad Yunus Masrukhin    -  Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Siswanto Masruri  -  Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Ibnu Burdah    -  Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/ahkam.2023.33.1.14948

The Arab Spring emerged due to a political crisis in most Arab countries that wanted a change from dictatorial regimes to democratic systems in their countries. One of the most prominent issues that caused controversy during the revolution was the issue of al-khurÅ«j 'alÄ al-ḥÄÂkim. This article aims to analyze the meaning of revolution from an Islamic political perspective by discussing the concept of al-khurÅ«j 'alÄ al-ḥÄÂkim, especially towards the three terms: al-bÄÂghÄ«, al-khawÄÂrij and al-ḥirÄÂbah. This article clarifies the relationship between these three terms with the phenomenon of revolution in the contemporary Islamic world. This article uses a jurisprudential approach with an inductive method by extrapolating jurisprudential sources and references related to the research subject. This article concludes that the notion of revolution is not the same as the concept of al-khurÅ«j 'alÄ al-ḥÄÂkim in Islamic jurisprudence. The reason is that revolution aims to change the political, social and economic reality. In contrast, khurÅ«j is a form of resistance to the leader and does not carry out all the rights demanded of the ruler. In the present context, the redefinition of the concept of al-khurÅ«j 'alÄ al-ḥÄÂkim in Islamic jurisprudence is necessary to suit the modern era.

Keywords: al-bāghī; al-ḥirābah; al-khawārij; al-khurūj ‘alā al-ḥākim; revolution

  1. ‘ĀbidÄ«n, Muhammad ĀmÄ«n Ibn. Radd al-MukhtÄÂr ‘alÄ al-DÄÂr al-MukhtÄÂr. RiyÄÂá¸Â: DÄÂr ‘Ālam al-Kutub, 2003.
  2. ‘Audah, ‘Abd al-QÄÂdir. al-IslÄÂm wa Awá¸ÂÄÂ’unÄ al-SiyÄÂsah. Cairo: Mu’asasah HandÄÂwÄ« li al-Ta’lÄ«m wa al-ThaqÄÂfah, 2014.
  3. ‘Audah, ‘Abd al-QÄÂdir. al-Tashrī’ al-JinÄÂ’ī al-IslÄÂmÄ«. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-RisÄÂlah, 2000.
  4. Black, Antony. The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011.
  5. Burdah, Ibnu. “al-Ab‘ÄÂd al-ṬÄÂ’Ifiyyah al-IslÄÂmiyyah fi’l-Thaurah al-Shu‘ubiyyah al-‘Arabiyyah 2010-2011.†Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 50, no. 1 (2012): 197–217. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2012.501.197-217.
  6. Burdah, Ibnu. “New Trends in Islamic Political Parties in the Arab Spring Countries.†Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 52, no. 2 (2014): 459–85. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.522.459-485.
  7. al-DamÄ«jÄ«, ‘AbdullÄÂh ibn ‘Umar. al-ImÄÂmah al-‘UzmĠ‘inda Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-JamÄÂ’ah. RiyÄÂá¸Â: DÄÂr al-Ṭayyibah, n.d.
  8. al-DusÅ«qÄ«, Shams al-DÄ«n. ḤÄÂshiyyah al-DusÅ«qÄ« ‘alÄ al-Sharḥ al-KabÄ«r. Cairo: ‘Īsa al-BÄÂbÄ« al-ḤalabÄ«, n.d.
  9. Dwi Kurnia, Ryzka. “Konsep Ideal Imamah (Kepemimpinan) Menurut Al-Mawardi.†Politica: Jurnal Hukum Tata Negara dan Politik Islam 6, no. 1 (2019): 72–89. https://doi.org/10.32505/politica.v6i1.2728.
  10. Farḥah, JamÄÂl ḤusainÄ« AbÅ«. KhurÅ«j ’alÄ Al-ḤÄÂkim FÄ« Al-Fikr Al-SiyÄÂsÄ« Al-IslÄÂmÄ«. Cairo: Markaz al-Ḥaá¸ÂÄÂrah al-’Arabiyyah, 2004.
  11. Halim, Fatimah. “Hukum dan Perubahan Sosial.†Al-Daulah 4, no. 1 (2015): 107–15. https://doi.org/10.24252/ad.v4i1.1492.
  12. Jumali, Endang. “HirÄÂbah dan Hubungannya dengan Hukuman Ta‘zÄ«r bagi Pelaku Korupsi dalam Hukum Pidana Islam (Kajian Tafsir Ahkam terhadap QS. Al-MÄÂidah Ayat 33).†Asy-Syari’ah 18, no. 1 (2015): 149–56. https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v18i1.657.
  13. Lundgren, Magnus. “Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, Strategies, and Obstacles, 2011–2016.†Contemporary Security Policy 37, no. 2 (2016): 273–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377.
  14. al-MÄÂwardÄ«, AbÅ« al-Ḥasan ‘AlÄ« ibn Muḥammad ibn ḤabÄ«b al-BasharÄ« al-BaghdÄÂdÄ«. al-AḥkÄÂm al-Sulá¹­ÄÂniyyah wa al-WilÄÂyÄÂt al-DÄ«niyyah. Beirut: DÄÂr al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2000.
  15. Mutakin, Ali. “Islam dan Demokrasi: Kajian Fikih Siyasah tentang Tantangan dan Hambatan Demokratisasi di Dunia Islam.†Jurnal Al-Ashriyyah 2, no. 1 (2016): 25–42. https://doi.org/10.53038/alashriyyah.v2i1.10.
  16. al-NajÄÂr, YÄÂsir ‘Abd al-ḤamÄ«d. “Ḥukm al-KhurÅ«j ’alÄ al-ḤÄÂkim fÄ« al-Fiqh al-IslÄÂmÄ«: DirÄÂsah Fiqhiyyah MuqÄÂranah.†Majallah JÄÂmi’ah al-MadÄ«nah al-‘Ālamiyyah 12, no. 1 (2015): 161–87. http://ojs.mediu.edu.my/index.php/majmaa/article/view/114.
  17. al-NawawÄ«. Rawá¸Âat al-ṬÄÂlibÄ«n. Beirut: DÄÂr al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2006.
  18. al-NawawÄ«. Sharḥ á¹¢aḥīḥ Muslim. Cairo: DÄÂr al-ḤadÄ«th, 2001.
  19. Pramono, Muhamad Fajar, and Amir Sahidin. “MaqÄÂá¹£id al-Sharī’ah Values in al-MÄÂwardī’s Concept of the Caliphate.†Al-Ahkam 31, no. 2 (2021): 203–22. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2021.31.2.8612.
  20. QudÄÂmah, Muḥammad ibn. al-MughnÄ«. RiyÄÂá¸Â: DÄÂr ’ĀlÄÂm al-Kutub, 1997.
  21. Royani, Yayan Muhammad. “Hate Speech during the Caliphate of ‘AlÄ« Ibn AbÄ« ṬÄÂlib and Its Relevance to Regulations in Indonesia: The Study of the Islamic Law History.†Al-Ahkam 31, no. 2 (2021): 223–40. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2021.31.2.8956.
  22. al-Sayyid, Ruqayyah KhÄÂlid, and á¹¢aydÄ Riá¸ÂÄ MarbÄ«d al-‘InzÄ«. “al-KhurÅ«j ’alÄ al-ḤÄÂkim (DirÄÂsah ‘alĠḌaw’ al-Sunnah).†al-Majallah al-AlaktrÅ«niyyah al-ShÄÂmilah Muta’adidah al-Ma’rifah li Nashr al-AbhÄÂth al-‘Ilmiyyah wa al-Tarbawiyyah (MECSJ) 16 (2019): 1–19.
  23. Sa’id, al-Sayyid Ḥamdan al-Sayyid, and Aḥmad IbrÄÂhim YÅ«suf Sa’idiyyah. “al-KhurÅ«j ‘alÄ al-ḤukkÄÂm wa Atharuhu fÄ« TafrÄ«q al-Ummah: DirÄÂsah fi Ḍaw’ al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah.†Majallah JÄÂmi’ah Ṭayyibah 13, no. 6 (2016): 339–85.
  24. Sahide, Ahmad, Bambang Cipto, Siti Muti’ah Setiawati, and Syamsul Hadi. “The Arab Spring: Membaca Kronologi dan Faktor Penyebabnya.†Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 4, no. 2 (2015): 118–29. https://doi.org/10.18196/hi.2015.0072.118-129.
  25. Sahrasad, Herdi. “Arab Spring: Perubahan Rezim dan Tegangan Hubungan As – Dunia Arab Refleksi Sosio-Historis.†Center of Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) 6, no. 1 (2013): 36–54. https://doi.org/10.20961/cmes.6.1.11686.
  26. al-SharbaynÄ«, al-Khaá¹­Ä«b. MughnÄ« al-MuḥtÄÂj. Beirut: DÄÂr al-Ma’rifah, 1997.
  27. Tabassum, Sadia. “Combatants, Not Bandits: The Status of Rebels in Islamic Law.†International Review of the Red Cross 93, no. 881 (2011): 121–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383111000117.
  28. Umar, Ahmad. R Mardhatillah, Arief Bakhtiar Darmawan, Faela Sufa Sufa, and Gebyar Lintang Ndadari. “Media Sosial dan Revolusi Politik: Memahami Kembali Fenomena ‘Arab Spring’ dalam Perspektif Ruang Publik Transnasional.†Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 18, no. 2 (2016): 114–29. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.13130.
  29. Yasmine, Shafira Elnanda. “Arab Spring: Islam dalam Gerakan Sosial dan Demokrasi Timur Tengah.†Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 28, no. 2 (2015): 106–13. https://doi.org/10.20473/mkp.V28I22015.106-113.
  30. al-ZuḥaylÄ«, Wahbah. al-Fiqh al-IslÄÂmÄ« wa Adilatuhu. Beirut: DÄÂr al-Fikr, 1997.
  31. Zulfikar, Azmi Yudha. “Tindak Pidana Pemberontakan dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam.†Jurnal Al-Fikrah 2, no. 2 (2013): 111–24. https://ejournal.iaialaziziyah.ac.id/index.php/jiaf/article/view/312.

Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 Al-Ahkam
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher
Faculty of Sharia and Law Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
in collaboration with Indonesian Consortium Sharia Scholar (KSSI)
Jl Prof. Dr. Hamka Kampus III Ngaliyan Semarang 50185
Phone: 024 7601291
https://fsh.walisongo.ac.id/
email: [email protected]

 Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

View:  Visitor | Country  

 
apps