Effect of Islamic-based repentance therapy on the prevention of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Qurotul Uyun*  -  Faculty of Psychology and Socio-Cultual Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Nahdhata Jaufalaily  -  Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Evelin Witruk  -  Institute of Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Irwan Nuryana Kurniawan  -  Faculty of Psychology and Socio-Cultual Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author

This research is based on the tragedy of a road traffic accident that led to a student's death. Her classmates felt lost and experienced symptoms of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The purpose of the study is to examine the effectiveness of repentance and istighfar therapy to prevent PTSD. The research was based on a quasi-experimental design that consisted of six sessions in three meetings and homework for four weeks. The study participants were 14 students who experienced PTSD symptoms. They completed a scale before the intervention (pre-test), after completion of the intervention (post-test), and three weeks after the post-test. The paired sample test analysis results show that there were significant differences in the trauma scores pre-therapy and post-therapy. The effect size estimation results show that the effect of repentance and istighfar therapy was in the large effect size category; that is, 80.9% of the trauma variations could be explained (caused) by repentance therapy and istighfar. The research implies that such therapy can be predicted to be effective in reducing psychological disorders, as long as they are willing to be seriously involved in each stage of the therapy process that has been determined.

Keywords: repentance and istighfar therapy; PTSD; traffic accident

  1. Adz-Dzakiey, H. B. (2007). Psikologi kenabian: Menghidupkan potensi dan kepribadian kenabian dalam diri. Pustaka Al Furqan.
  2. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  3. Bisson, J. I., Cosgrove, S., Lewis, C., & Roberts, N. P. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder. BMJ, 351(6161), h6161. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6161
  4. Casement, M. D., & Swanson, L. M. (2012). A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-trauma nightmares: Effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 566–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.002
  5. Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
  6. Cohen, J. (1998). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
  7. Creamer, M., Burgess, P., & McFarlane, A. C. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Findings from the Australian national survey of mental health and well-being. Psychological Medicine, 31(7), 1237–1247. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291701004287
  8. Davidson, J. R. T. (2000). Trauma: The impact of post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 14(2_suppl1), S5–S12. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811000142S102
  9. Field, A., & Hole, G. J. (2008). How to design and report experiments. Sage Publication Inc.
  10. al-Ghazali. (2013). Ihya Ulumiddin: Menghidupkan kembali ilmu-ilmu agama. Pintu taubat. Republika.
  11. Gisela, V., & Kurniawan, I. N. (2014). Studi pendahuluan religiusitas Islam dan kebermaknaan hidup pasangan suami istri. Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
  12. Gravetter, F. J., & Wallnau, L. B. (2013). Statistics for behavioral sciences (9th ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
  13. Gros, D. F., Flanagan, J. C., Korte, K. J., Mills, A. C., Brady, K. T., & Back, S. E. (2016). Relations among social support, PTSD symptoms, and substance use in veterans. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(7), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000205
  14. Gull, F., & Dawood, S. (2013). Religiosity and subjective well-being amongst institutionalized elderly in Pakistan. Health Promotion Perspective, 3(1), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.5681/hpp.2013.014
  15. Harits, C. N., & Kurniawan, I. N. (2016). Religiusitas Islam dan kepuasan pernikahan pasangan suami istri. Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
  16. Harris, A. H. S., Thoresen, C. E., Mccullough, M. E., & Larson, D. B. (1999). Spiritually and religiously oriented health interventions. Journal of Health Psychology, 4(3), 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910539900400309
  17. Holliday, R., Smith, J., North, C., & Surís, A. (2015). Developing the PTSD checklist-I/F for the DSM-IV (PCL-I/F): Assessing PTSD symptom frequency and intensity in a pilot study of male veterans with combat-related PTSD. Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs5010059
  18. al-Jauziyyah, I. Q. (2014). Ensiklopedia taubat. Dari dosa menuju syurga (A. Dzulfikar (trans.)). Keira Publishing.
  19. Kar, N. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7, 167–181. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S10389
  20. Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., de Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J.-P., Levinson, D., … Koenen, K. C. (2017). Trauma and PTSD in the WHO world mental health surveys. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup5), 1353383. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
  21. Keyes, K. M., Pratt, C., Galea, S., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., & Shear, M. K. (2014). The burden of loss: Unexpected death of a loved one and psychiatric disorders across the life course in a national study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(8), 864–871. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13081132
  22. Khairiyah, U., Prabandari, Y. S., & Uyun, Q. (2015). Terapi zikir terhadap peningkatan resiliensi penderita Low Back Pain (LBP). Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 3(2), 336–346. https://doi.org/10.22219/jipt.v3i2.3537
  23. Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
  24. Lang, A. J., Wilkins, K., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Golinelli, D., Chavira, D., Sherbourne, C., Rose, R. D., Bystritsky, A., Sullivan, G., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2012). Abbreviated PTSD Checklist (PCL) as a guide to clinical response. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34(4), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003
  25. Magezi, V., & Manda, C. (2016). The use of spiritual resources to cope with trauma in daily existence. In Die Skriflig/In Luce Verbi, 50(1), 2145–2154. https://doi.org/10.4102/ids.v50i1.2145
  26. al-NaishabÅ«ry, M. bin al-ḤajjÄÂj A. al-Ḥasan al-Q. (n.d.). á¹¢aḥīḥ Muslim. DÄÂr al-Fikr.
  27. Oltmanns, T. F., & Emery, R. E. (2003). Abnormal psychology. Prentice Hall.
  28. Pearce, M., Haynes, K., Rivera, N. R., & Koenig, H. G. (2018). Spiritually integrated cognitive processing therapy: A new treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder that targets moral injury. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 7, 216495611875993. https://doi.org/10.1177/2164956118759939
  29. Perrin, M., Vandeleur, C. L., Castelao, E., Rothen, S., Glaus, J., Vollenweider, P., & Preisig, M. (2014). Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(3), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0762-3
  30. Philips, A. A. B. (1990). Salvation through repentance (an Islamic view). Riyadh: International Islamic Publishing House.
  31. Read, J. P., Griffin, M. J., Wardell, J. D., & Ouimette, P. (2014). Coping, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol involvement in trauma-exposed college students in the first three years of college. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(4), 1052–1064. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038348
  32. Sareen, J. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Impact, comorbidity, risk factors, and treatment. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(9), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900902
  33. Sijbrandij, M., Olff, M., Reitsma, J. B., Carlier, I. V. E., de Vries, M. H., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007). Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with brief cognitive behavioral therapy: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.1.82
  34. Skelton, K., Ressler, K. J., Norrholm, S. D., Jovanovic, T., & Bradley-Davino, B. (2012). PTSD and gene variants: New pathways and new thinking. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 628–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.013
  35. Trammel, R. C. (2017). Tracing the roots of mindfulness: Transcendence in Buddhism and Christianity. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 36(3), 367–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2017.1295822
  36. al-Utsaimin, M. B. S. (2015). Syarah riyadhus shalihin. Darus Sunnah.
  37. Uyun, Q., & Kurniawan, I. N. (2018). Taubat (repentance) and istighfar (Seek forgiveness from Allah): Therapy to improve subjective well-being of Master Students: A preliminary study. Advanced Science Letters, 24(7), 5422–5425. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2018.11748
  38. Uyun, Q., Kurniawan, I. N., & Jaufalaily, N. (2019). Repentance and seeking forgiveness: The effects of spiritual therapy based on Islamic tenets to improve mental health. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 22(2), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1514593
  39. Uyun, Q., & Witruk, E. (2017). The effectiveness of sabr (patience) and salat (prayer) in reducing psychopathological symptoms after the 2010 Merapi eruption in the region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In Trends and Issues in Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Science. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
  40. Wainrib, B. R. (2006). Healing crisis and trauma with mind, body, and spirit. Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
  41. Wu, B. W. Y., Gao, J., & Leung, H. K. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of Awareness Training Program (ATP), a group-based Mahayana Buddhist intervention. Mindfulness, 10, 1280–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-0182-1

Open Access Copyright (c) 2020 Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Faculty of Psychology and Health, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Jl. Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Kampus III, Tambakaji Ngaliyan Semarang 50185 Central Java - Indonesia
website: fpk.walisongo.ac.id

 
Visitor Statistics
apps