Master of Economic Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta - Indonesia
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0314-6095
Google Scholar:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=KDGDVV0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao
Moderating effect of self-regulation on the relationship between adversity quotient and family social support on academic procrastination in thesis completion
Final assignments are part of the strategy to train students' skills, but they often cause feelings of stress and lead to students choosing to postpone them. This research aims to determine how the influence of Adversity Quotient (AQ) and Family Social Support (FSS) on academic procrastination attitudes in completing a bachelor theses is moderated by Self-regulated Learning (SRL). The study was conducted in two state universities in Indonesia on students who had not completed their theses. Data collection was made through a survey, with online questionnaires based on Likert Scales using Google Forms. The instruments used were the Adversity Quotient (AQ) Scale, the Family Social Support (FS) Scale, the Self-regulated Learning (SRL) Scale, and the Academic Procrastination in Completing Bachelor Theses (APCBT) Scale. Data analysis was conducted using moderated regression analysis. The research results show an influence of the adversity quotient ( t = -2.165, p < .031) and family social support (t = 5.512, p < .000) on academic procrastination in completing theses. Self-regulated learning is demonstrated to moderate the relationship between adversity quotient and academic procrastination in completing theses (t = -2.126, p < .035), while self-regulated learning moderates the relationship between family social support and academic procrastination in completing theses (t = -4.831, p < .000). The empirical implication of this study is that during the theses preparation process, final-year students may face psychological challenges, so it is not uncommon for them to postpone work by introducing self-regulated learning roles, difficulty intelligence, and family social support can help students in suppressing the problem of academic procrastination in theses completion.
Keywords: academic procrastination; academic goal; completion of thesis; final-year student; suicide case
- Adam, A. (2023). Skripsi, depresi, dan bunuh diri: “Everybody Hurts†- Bunuh diri tak pernah disebabkan faktor tunggal. Masalah ini bukan perkara sepele. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/skripsi-depresi-dan-bunuh-diri-everybody-hurts-deW8
- Ahdiat, A. (2022, September). Jumlah mahasiswa di Indonesia, dari Aceh sampai Papua. Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/demografi/statistik/973a44dde114a7f/jumlah-mahasiswa-di-indonesia-dari-aceh-sampai-papua
- Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In Action Control (pp. 11–39). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
- Akbar, S., Putri, Y. K., & Rizdanti, S. (2023). Analysis of factors affecting students’ adversity quotient on completing undergraduate thesis. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 9(1), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.3011
- Amani, M., & Arbabi, M. M. (2020). The mediating role of academic self-regulation in the relationship between parenting dimensions and academic procrastination. International Journal of School Health, 7(2), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.30476/intjsh.2020.84983.1050
- Arahnur, L. D., & Rinaldi. (2022). Hubungan antara adversity quotient dengan prokrastinasi akademik pada mahasiswa yang mengerjakan skripsi di Jurusan Psikologi UNP. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 6(1), 1060–1068. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v6i1.2996
- Ariyanto, R., Netrawati, N., & Yusri, Y. (2019). Relationship between self control and academic procrastination in completing thesis. Jurnal Neo Konseling, 1(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.24036/00119kons2019
- Balkis, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: the mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive & Behavioral Psychotherapies, 13(1), 57–74.
- Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
- Burka, J., & Yuen, L. M. (2007). Procrastination: Why you do it, what to do about it now (Vol. 54). Hachette Books.
- Çam, Z., & Öğülmüş, S. (2021). Testing of a model on the school burnout among high school students and exploring the model’s prediction level of grade retention: Testing of a model on the school burnout. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 13(2), 950–985. https://ijci.globets.org/index.php/IJCI/article/view/593/
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC). (2022). Provisional data: Gun suicides reach all-time high in 2022, gun homicides down slightly from 2021. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2023/cdc-provisional-data-gun-suicides-reach-all-time-high-in-2022-gun-homicides-down-slightly-from-2021
- Cui, Y. (2021). Self-efficacy for self-regulated learning and chinese students’ intention to use online learning in COVID-19: A Moderated mediation model. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 11(11), 532–537. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2021.11.11.1561
- Dardara, E., & Al-Makhalid, K. A. (2022). Procrastination, negative emotional symptoms, and mental well-being among college students in Saudi Arabia. Anales de PsicologÃÂa, 38(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.462041
- de la Fuente, J., Sander, P., Garzón-Umerenkova, A., Vera-MartÃÂnez, M. M., Fadda, S., & Gaetha, M. L. (2021). Self-regulation and regulatory teaching as determinants of academic behavioral confidence and procrastination in undergraduate students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.602904
- Desiningrum, D. R. (2010). Family’s social support and psychological well-being of the elderly in Tembalang. ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal, 26(1), 61–68. https://anima.ubaya.ac.id/index.php?menu=articles&eid=1371790323&actsub=yes&eidsub=1372233565
- Dignath, C. (2021). For unto every one that hath shall be given: Teachers’ competence profiles regarding the promotion of self-regulated learning moderate the effectiveness of short-term teacher training. Metacognition and Learning, 16(3), 555–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-021-09271-x
- Dinç, S., & Ekşi, H. (2019). A psychological counseling study on fear of failure and academic procrastination with a spiritually oriented cognitive behavioral group. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 4(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2019.4.3.85
- Djamahar, R., Dewahrani, Y. R., & Octaviani, R. (2020). Relationship between self-esteem and negative emotional state with academic procrastination in final level students. Indonesian Journal of Biology Education, 3(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.31002/ijobe.v3i1.2290
- Ferrari, J. R., & DÃÂaz-Morales, J. F. (2007). Perceptions of self-concept and self-presentation by procrastinators: Further evidence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 91–96. https://doi.org/10.1017/S113874160000634X
- Ferrari, J. R., & Olivette, M. J. (1994). Parental authority and the development of female dysfunctional procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality, 28(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1994.1008
- Filiz, B., & Doğar, Y. (2021). Beden eğitimi öğretmeni adaylarinin akademik erteleme eğilimlerinin öz düzenleme becerileri ve öz yeterliklerine etkisi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 50(230), 857–872. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.679930
- Fitriya, F., & Lukmawati, L. (2017). The relationship between self-regulation and academic procrastination behavior in students of the Mitra Adiguna Palembang College of Health Sciences (STIKES). Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v2i1.1058
- Frost, R. O., Lahart, C. M., & Rosenblate, R. (1991). The development of perfectionism: A study of daughters and their parents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15(6), 469–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01175730
- Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (1994). Coping with different concerns: Consistency and variation in coping strategies used by adolescents. Australian Psychologist, 29(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050069408257320
- Fuertes, M. C. M., Jose, B. M. D., Nem Singh, M. A. A., Rubio, P. E. P., & de Guzman, A. B. (2020). The moderating effects of information overload and academic procrastination on the information avoidance behavior among Filipino undergraduate thesis writers. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(3), 694–712. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000619871608
- GarcÃÂa-Ros, R., Pérez-González, F., Tomás, J. M., & Sancho, P. (2023). Effects of self-regulated learning and procrastination on academic stress, subjective well-being, and academic achievement in secondary education. Current Psychology, 42(30), 26602–26616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03759-8
- Garmezy, N. (1985). Competence and adaptation in adult schizophrenic patients and children at risk. In Research in the Schizophrenic Disorders (pp. 69–112). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6338-5_3
- Giray, L., Asuncion, M. K. C., Edem, J., Gumalin, D. L., Jacob, J., & May Lucero, S. (2023). Positive and negative lessons from hidden curriculum at a Philippine state university. Educational Process International Journal, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2023.121.5
- Güleç, S. (2020). Problem solving skills in social studies education and problem solving skills of social studies teachers. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 8(3), 48. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v8i3.4686
- Hai-Jew, S. (2023). “Future is yoursâ€Â: Motivating online learners in higher education through a package of goods (in the COVID-19 pandemic). In Handbook of research on revisioning and reconstructing higher education after global crises (pp. 34–84). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5934-8.ch003
- Hasibuan, L., Anwar Us, K., & Zas Pendi, H. (2021). Pengelolaan biaya pendidikan: Kajian studi pustaka. Jurnal Literasiologi, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.47783/literasiologi.v5i2.213
- Ikbar, R. R., Amit, N., Subramaniam, P., & Ibrahim, N. (2022). Relationship between self-efficacy, adversity quotient, COVID-19-related stress and academic performance among the undergraduate students: A protocol for a systematic review. Plos One, 17(12), e0278635. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278635
- Jannah, K., Hastuti, D., & Riany, Y. E. (2022). Parenting style and depression among students: The mediating role of self-esteem. Psikohumaniora, 7(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v7i1.9885
- Jumareng, H., & Setiawan, E. (2021). Self-esteem, adversity quotient and self-handicapping: Which aspects are correlated with achievement goals? Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i1.37685
- Júnior, J. F. da C., Bezerra, D. de M. C., Araújo, A. G. de, & Ramos, A. S. M. (2023). Anti-procrastination strategies, techniques and tools and their interrelation with self-regulation and self-efficacy. Journal of Education and Learning, 13(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v13n1p72
- Kessler, R. C., Kendler, K. S., Heath, A., Neale, M. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1992). Social support, depressed mood, and adjustment to stress: A genetic epidemiologic investigation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(2), 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.2.257
- Khozanatuha, F., Setiyani, R., & Heni Kusumawardani, L. (2023). Predictors of COVID-19 related health literacy among older people living in rural areas of Indonesia. Investigación y Educación En EnfermerÃÂa, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v41n2e13
- Kljajic, K., & Gaudreau, P. (2018). Does it matter if students procrastinate more in some courses than in others? A multilevel perspective on procrastination and academic achievement. Learning and Instruction, 58, 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.06.005
- Kuftyak, E. (2022). Procrastination, stress and academic performance in students. Arpha Proceedings, 5, 965–974.
- Ma, M., Li, M., Wang, Q., Qiu, A., & Wang, T. (2022). Online selfâ€Âregulated learning and academic procrastination: A moderated mediation model. Psychology in the Schools, 59(9), 1856–1872. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22730
- Madjid, A., Sutoyo, D. A., & Shodiq, S. F. (2021). Academic procrastination among students: The influence of social support and resilience mediated by religious character. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 40(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v40i1.34641
- Malelak, K. H. L., Ardiada, I. M. D., & Feoh, G. (2021). Implementation of Naive Bayes classification in predicting the length of student studies (Case studies: Universitas Dhyana Pura). SINTECH (Science and Information Technology) Journal, 4(2), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.31598/sintechjournal.v4i2.964
- Marynchenko, H., Biriuk, L., Korsikova, K., Polozova, O., & Vergolyas, M. (2022). Ways to improve the communicative skills of pedagogical specialties students in the higher educational institutions. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 22(6).
- Matore, M. E. @ E. M., Khairani, A. Z., & Adnan, R. (2019). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for Adversity Quotient (AQ) instrument among youth. Journal of Critical Reviews, 6(6), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.22159/jcr.06.06.33
- Mohammadi Bytamar, J., Saed, O., & Khakpoor, S. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties and academic procrastination. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.524588
- Muarifah, A., Rofiah, N. H., Mujidin, M., Mohamad, Z. S., & Oktaviani, F. (2022). Students’ academic procrastination during the COVID-19 pandemic: How does adversity quotient mediate parental social support? Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.961820
- Mwivanda, M., & Kingi, P. M. (2019). Teachers’ adversity quotient dimension of control and students academic performance in secondary schools in Kenya. Journal of Education and Training, 6(1), 83–94. https://doi.org/10.5296/jet.v6i1.14373
- Önur, Z., & Kozikoglu, İ. (2020). The relationship between 21st century learning skills and educational technology competencies of secondary school students. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim, 13(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.535491
- Peixoto, E. M., Pallini, A. C., Vallerand, R. J., Rahimi, S., & Silva, M. V. (2021). The role of passion for studies on academic procrastination and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychology of Education, 24(3), 877–893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-021-09636-9
- Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.33
- Pollack, S., & Herres, J. (2020). Prior day negative affect influences current day procrastination: A lagged daily diary analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 33(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1722573
- Procidano, M. E., & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00898416
- Purwanto, A., Santoso, P. B., Siswanto, E., Hartuti, H., Setiana, Y. N., Sudargini, Y., & Fahmi, K. (2021). Effect of hard skills, soft skills, organizational learning and innovation capability on Islamic University lecturers’ performance. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 2(1), 14–40. https://ijosmas.org/index.php/ijosmas/article/view/5
- Pychyl, T. A., Coplan, R. J., & Reid, P. A. . (2002). Parenting and procrastination: Gender differences in the relations between procrastination, parenting style and self-worth in early adolescence. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(2), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00151-9
- Rachmah, D. N., Mayangsari, M. D., & Akbar, S. N. (2015). Motivasi belajar sebagai mediator hubungan kecerdasan adversitas dan prokrastinasi akademik pada mahasiswa yang aktif berorganisasi. Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 2(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v2i2.4826
- Rahimi, S., & Hall, N. C. (2021). Why are you waiting? Procrastination on academic tasks among undergraduate and graduate students. Innovative Higher Education, 46(6), 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-021-09563-9
- Rahmawati, D. R., Wardani, D. K., & Noviani, L. (2025). The mediating role of adversity quotient and the moderating role of gender on the effect of self-regulated learning on academic procrastination in completing a thesis. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(4), 2025208. https://malque.pub/ojs/index.php/msj/article/view/5936
- Rappler.com. (2016, October 10). Infografis: Fakta seputar bunuh diri di Indonesia. Rappler.Com. https://www.rappler.com/world/indonesia/148733-fakta-bunuh-diri-indonesia/
- Rijal, S. F. A., Ridfah, A., Akmal, N., & Rijal, S. (2024). Academic distress against academic procrastination: study analysis of thesis completion of Makassar Tourism Polytechnic Students and the Faculty of Psychology, Makassar State University. Pusaka: Journal of Tourism, Hospitality, Travel and Business Event, 163–169. https://doi.org/10.33649/pusaka.v4i2.182
- Rizaty, M. A. (2023, July 21). Kasus bunuh diri paling banyak di Jawa Tengah hingga Juli 2023. DataIndonesia.Id, 1. https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/kasus-bunuh-diri-paling-banyak-di-jawa-tengah-hingga-juli-2023
- Rosário, P., Costa, M., Núñez, J. C., González-Pienda, J., Solano, P., & Valle, A. (2009). Academic procrastination: Associations with personal, school, and family variables. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600001530
- San, Y. L., Roslan, S. B., & Sabouripour, F. (2016). Relationship between self-regulated learning and scademic procrastination. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(4), 459–466. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2016.459.466
- Sari, W. L., & Fakhruddiana, F. (2019). Internal locus of control, social support and academic procrastination among students in completing the thesis. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 8(2), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i2.17043
- Scher, S. J., & Osterman, N. M. (2002). Procrastination, conscientiousness, anxiety, and goals: Exploring the measurement and correlates of procrastination among schoolâ€Âaged children. Psychology in the Schools, 39(4), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10045
- Sefriani, R., Nastasia, K., Sepriana, R., & Candra, Y. (2022). Time management and procrastination during the COVID-19 pandemic in higher education. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 16(4), 458–463. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v16i4.20512
- Sepiadou, I., & Metallidou, P. (2023). Academic hardiness as a moderator of the relation between perfectionism and academic procrastination in university students. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 38(3), 1053–1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-022-00648-3
- Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
- Stoltz, P. G. (1999). Adversity quotient: Turning obstacles into opportunities. John Wiley & Sons.
- Subashkevych, I. (2023). Study of the features of academic procrastination of youth students. Socio-Economic Relations in the Digital Society, 3(49), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.55643/ser.3.49.2023.511
- Succi, C., & Canovi, M. (2020). Soft skills to enhance graduate employability: Comparing students and employers’ perceptions. Studies in Higher Education, 45(9), 1834–1847. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1585420
- Suwinyattichaiporn, T., & Johnson, Z. D. (2022). The impact of family and friends social support on latino/a first-generation college students’ perceived stress, depression, and social isolation. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 21(3), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192720964922
- Svartdal, F., Dahl, T. I., Gamst-Klaussen, T., Koppenborg, M., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2020). How study environments foster academic procrastination: Overview and recommendations. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.540910
- Touloupis, T., & Campbell, M. (2024). The role of academic context-related factors and problematic social media use in academic procrastination: A cross-sectional study of students in elementary, secondary, and tertiary education. Social Psychology of Education, 27(1), 175–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09817-8
- Tuasikal, R. F., Rumahlewang, E., & Tutupary, V. (2019). The relationship of quotient adversity with academic procrastination student counseling guidance program Universitas Pattimura. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others (IJEIT), 2(1), 81–88.
- Tuckman, B. W. (1991). The development and concurrent validity of the procrastination scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(2), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164491512022
- Umam, N., & Soeharto, T. N. E. D. (2020). Academic procrastination, family social support and academic stress: Literature review. International Conference of Psychology, 13–22. https://seminar.uad.ac.id/index.php/ICMPP/article/view/6930
- Utami, K. D. (2023, October 12). Rentetan Kasus bunuh diri di Semarang, lingkungan perlu lebih peka. Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/nusantara/2023/10/12/rentetan-kasus-bunuh-diri-di-semarang-lingkungan-diharapkan-lebih-peka
- Waheed, S. A., Gilani, N., Raza, M., & Ahmad, F. (2021). The beginning of more worries: doctoral candidates’ untold stories after submission of dissertation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537366
- Wang, X., Liu, M., Tee, S., & Dai, H. (2021). Analysis of adversity quotient of nursing students in Macao: A cross-section and correlation study. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(2), 204–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2021.02.003
- Wei, L., Peng, M., & Wu, W. (2021). Financial literacy and fraud detection—Evidence from China. International Review of Economics & Finance, 76, 478–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.06.017
- Xu, T. (2021). Psychological distress of international students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: Multidimensional effects of external environment, individuals’ behavior, and their values. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189758
- Yang, Z. (2021). Does procrastination always predict lower life satisfaction? A study on the moderation effect of self-regulation in China and the United Kingdom. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.690838
- Yupanqui-Lorenzo, D. E., Olivera-Carhuaz, E. S., Pulido-Capurro, V., & Reynaga Alponte, A. A. (2023). Effect of self-efficacy and eustress on procrastination: A multigroup analysis. Revista Fuentes, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2023.21318
- Yusuf, N. R. (2023, October 11). Bunuh diri bisa dicegah. Kompas.Id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2023/10/10/bunuh-diri-bisa-dicegah
- Zacks, S., & Hen, M. (2018). Academic interventions for academic procrastination: A review of the literature. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 46(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2016.1198154
- Zakeri, H., Esfahani, B. N., & Razmjoee, M. (2013). Parenting styles and academic procrastination. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.509
- Zarrin, A. S., & Gracia, E. (2020). Prediction of academic procrastination by fear of failure and self-regulation. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(3), 34–43.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.