Assessment of the psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale-12 (GSES-12) in a sample of Indonesian high school students

Helly Prajitno Soetjipto*  -  Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Muhammad Dwirifqi Kharisma Putra    -  Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Wahyu Widhiarso    -  Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Zulfikri Khakim    -  Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

(*) Corresponding Author
DOI: 10.21580/pjpp.v8i2.18024

In recent decades, self-efficacy has been one of the major subjects of interest in the field of psychology, with numerous studies published on the topic. This study aims to examine the psychometric features of the General Self-Efficacy Scale-12 (GSES-12), a widely used instrument for assessing general self-efficacy. The Indonesian adaptation of the GSES-12 was validated using item factor analysis (IFA). The study involved a total of 584 high school student participants (M-age = 16.02, SD-age = 1.39; boys = 266, girls = 318). The results obtained from the IFA indicate that the psychometric properties of the GSES-12 were satisfactory. The results exhibited a strong fit with the second-order IFA models and all items had statistically significant factor loadings. In addition, the results obtained from the multigroup IFA indicate that the configural invariance testing models exhibited a satisfactory level of goodness-of-fit (RMSEA < 0.06, CFI & TLI > 0.90). These findings suggest that there were no differences between the genders in the factor structure of the GSES-12.

Keywords: GSES-12, factor analysis; measurement invariance; self-efficacy; validation

  1. Bandalos, D. L. (2014). Relative performance of categorical diagonally weighted least squares and robust maximum likelihood estimation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.859510
  2. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review, 84, 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00090
  3. Bandura, A. (1990). Multidimensional Scales of Perceived Self-Efficacy. Stanford University.
  4. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
  5. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman & Company.
  6. Bonsaksen, T., Kottorp, A., Gay, C., Fagermoen, M., & Lerdal, A. (2013). Rasch analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale in a sample of persons with morbid obesity. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 202. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-202
  7. Bosscher, R. J., & Smit, J. H. (1998). Confirmatory factor analysis of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36(3), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00025-4
  8. Cai, L. (2010a). High-dimensional exploratory item factor analysis by a Metropolis–Hastings Robbins–Monro Algorithm. Psychometrika, 75(1), 33–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-009-9136-x
  9. Cai, L. (2010b). Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro Algorithm for confirmatory item factor analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35(3), 307–335. https://doi.org/10.3102/1076998609353115
  10. Çelik, E. (2015). Mediating and moderating role of academic self-efficacy in the relationship between student academic support and personal growth initiative. Australian Journal of Career Development, 24(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416215583563
  11. Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
  12. Choi, N. (2004). Sex role group differences in specific, academic, and general self-efficacy. The Journal of Psychology, 138(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.138.2.149-159
  13. Fachmi, T. (2022). Pengaruh self-efficacy terhadap school engagement santri pondok pesantren. Geneologi PAI: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 9(1), 97–114. https://ftk.uinbanten.ac.id/journals/index.php/geneologi/article/view/7935
  14. Forero, C. G., Maydeu-Olivares, A., & Gallardo-Pujol, D. (2009). Factor analysis with ordinal indicators: A Monte Carlo study comparing DWLS and ULS estimation. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(4), 625–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903203573
  15. Frielink, N., Schuengel, C., & Embregts, P. J. C. M. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale – Intellectual Disability (BPNSFS-ID). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000366
  16. Harrell-Williams, L. M., & Wolfe, E. W. (2013). The influence of between-dimension correlation, misfit, and test length on multidimensional Rasch model information-based fit index accuracy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 73(4), 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164413477654
  17. Herrero, R., Espinoza, M., Molinari, G., Etchemendy, E., Garcia-Palacios, A., Botella, C., & Baños, R. M. (2014). Psychometric properties of the General Self Efficacy-12 Scale in Spanish: General and clinical population samples. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55(7), 1738–1743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.015
  18. Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  19. Ilesanmi, O. O. (2009). What is cross-cultural research? International Journal of Psychological Studies, 1(2), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v1n2p82
  20. Jamil, N. A. (2018). Differences in student self-efficacy by gender. Educare, 11(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.2121/edu-ijes.v11i1.1046
  21. Li, C.-H. (2016). The performance of ML, DWLS, and ULS estimation with robust corrections in structural equation models with ordinal variables. Psychological Methods, 21(3), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000093
  22. Linacre, J. M. (2018). A user’s guide to Winsteps: Rasch-Model computer program. winsteps.com. https://www.winsteps.com/winman/copyright.htm
  23. Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrezâ€ÂDoña, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). General selfâ€Âefficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590444000041
  24. Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.139.5.439-457
  25. Madruga, K. M. de A., Pagliuca, L. M. F., França, I. S. X. de, Nóbrega, M. M. L. da, Pimenta, C. J. L., & Costa, K. N. de F. M. (2022). Adaptação transcultural do instrumento General Self Efficacy Scale-12 para o português do Brasil. Revista Eletrônica de Enfermagem, 24, 68125. https://doi.org/10.5216/ree.v24.68125
  26. Mars, G. M. J., van Eijk, J. T. M., Post, M. W. M., Proot, I. M., Mesters, I., & Kempen, G. I. J. M. (2014). Development and psychometric properties of the Maastricht Personal Autonomy Questionnaire (MPAQ) in older adults with a chronic physical illness. Quality of Life Research, 23, 1777–1787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-013-0619-y
  27. Mulyono, H., Ningsih, S. K., & Raufi, B. S. (2023). Validating the academic writing creativity and self-efficacy Scale: A Rasch Model analysis. Indonesian Research Journal in Education| IRJE|, 7(1), 121–135. https://doi.org/10.22437/irje.v7i1.24789
  28. Muthén, B., & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of nonâ€Ânormal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00832.x
  29. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  30. Peterson, S. L. (1993). Career decision-making self-efficacy and institutional integration of underprepared college students. Research in Higher Education, 34(6), 659–685. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00992155
  31. Putra, M. D. K., Rahayu, W., & Umar, J. (2019). Indonesian-language version of General Self-Efficacy Scale-12 using Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis: A construct validity testing. Jurnal Penelitian dan Evaluasi Pendidikan, 23(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.21831/pep.v23i1.20008
  32. Putra, M. D. K., & Retnawati, H. (2020). Rasch analysis of an Indonesian version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale-12: A Comparison of Rating Scale Model (RSM) and Partial Credit Model (PCM). Indonesian Journal of Educational Assessment, 3(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.26499/ijea.v3i1.55
  33. Putri, N. L. M. W. D., Suranata, K., & Lestari, L. P. S. (2021). Rasch Career Self Efficacy Scale analysis for high school students. Bisma the Journal of Counseling, 5(3), 204–212. https://doi.org/10.23887/bisma.v5i3.42031
  34. Rahmah, A., & Gazi, G. (2018). The influence of self-efficacy and social support toward self-regulation on traditional dancers. Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi dan Pendidikan Indonesia (JP3I), 6(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v6i1.8146
  35. Rasmussen, M. U., Rydahlâ€ÂHansen, S., Amris, K., Danneskiold Samsøe, B., & Mortensen, E. L. (2016). The adaptation of a Danish version of the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire: Reliability and construct validity in a population of patients with fibromyalgia in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 30(1), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/scs.12232
  36. Razmi, M. H., Jabbari, A. A., & Fazilatfar, A. M. (2020). Perfectionism, self-efficacy components, and metacognitive listening strategy use: A multicategorical multiple mediation analysis. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 49(6), 1047–1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-020-09733-4
  37. Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029315
  38. Scholz, U., Doña, B. G., Sud, S., & Schwarzer, R. (2002). Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18(3), 242–251. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.18.3.242
  39. Schunk, D. H. (1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation. Educational Psychologist, 26(3–4), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133
  40. Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER- Nelson.
  41. Shaw, A., Kapnek, M., & Morelli, N. A. (2021). Measuring creative self-efficacy: An item response theory analysis of the creative self-efficacy scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 678033. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.678033
  42. Shelton, S. H. (1990). Developing the construct of general self-efficacy. Psychological Reports, 66(3), 987–994. https://doi.org/10.1177/003329419006600301
  43. Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
  44. Singh, B., & Udainiya, R. (2009). Self-efficacy and well-being of adolescents. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(2), 227–232.
  45. Sun, X., Zhong, F., Xin, T., & Kang, C. (2021). Item response theory analysis of General Self-Efficacy Scale for senior elementary school students in China. Current Psychology, 40(2), 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9982-8
  46. Suryadi, B., Hayat, B., & Putra, M. D. K. (2021). The Indonesian version of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R): Psychometric properties based on the Rasch model. Cogent Psychology, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1869375
  47. Takagishi, Y., Sakata, M., & Kitamura, T. (2013). Influence of rumination and self-efficacy on depression in Japanese undergraduate nursing students. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(3), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12000
  48. Thompson, B., & Vacha-Haase, T. (2000). Psychometrics is datametrics: The test is not reliable. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 174–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131640021970448
  49. van der Slot, W., Nieuwenhuijsen, C., van den Berg-Emons, R., Wensink-Boonstra, A., Stam, H., & Roebroeck, M. (2010). Participation and health-related quality of life in adults with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy and the role of self-efficacy. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(6), 528–535. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0555
  50. Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2019). Structural Equation Modeling. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119422730
  51. Wang, M., Batt, K., Kessler, C., Neff, A., Iyer, N. N., Cooper, D. L., & Kempton, C. L. (2017). Internal consistency and item-total correlation of patient-reported outcome instruments and hemophilia joint health score v2.1 in US adult people with hemophilia: Results from the Pain, Functional Impairment, and Quality of life (P-FiQ) study. Patient Preference and Adherence, 11, 1831–1839. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S141391
  52. Wirth, R. J., & Edwards, M. C. (2007). Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 58–79. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.58
  53. Woodruff, S. L., & Cashman, J. F. (1993). Task, domain, and general efficacy: A reexamination of the self-efficacy scale. Psychological Reports, 72(2), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.423
  54. Zumbo, B. D., Gadermann, A. M., & Zeisser, C. (2007). Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert Rating Scales. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 6(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1177992180

Open Access Copyright (c) 2023 Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Publisher:
Faculty of Psychology and Health, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
Jl. Prof. Dr. HAMKA, Kampus III, Tambakaji Ngaliyan Semarang 50185 Central Java - Indonesia
website: fpk.walisongo.ac.id

 
Visitor Statistics
apps