Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang - Indonesia
Google Scholar:
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=t-00hg0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao
Keterbatasan Kuota Perempuan di Parlemen Lokal Indonesia: Analisis Kondisi Kultural dan Institusional Yang Mempengaruhi Rendahnya Keterwakilan Perempuan di DPRD Jawa Tengah
This study is about the limitation of the gender quota (women's quota) and the problem of low representation of women in the Central Java DPRD in the 2019 Election. This study is inspired by the phenomenon of low representation of women including Indonesia, especially Central Java, despite various policies of avirmative action in the form of a 30 percent gender quota. both in parliament, as well as in the organizational structure of political parties and the list of candidates proposed by each party to compete for parliamentary seats in Indonesia, both at the national and local levels. To reveal this problem, this study was conducted to answer two research questions, namely: first, why was women's representation (electability) in the Central Java DPRD low in the 2019 elections ?and second, what cultural and institutional conditions hampered women's representation (electability) in the DPRD Central Java in the 2019 elections? In answering the two questions above, this study uses qualitative methods and a case study approach. Meanwhile, gender theory stereotypes and supply and demand models are used as analytical frameworks. Where the results of this study found that the low representation of women in the Central Java DPRD 2019 Election results was caused by the following factors. First, socio-cultural factors, where the patriarchal system and negative stereotypes on women still dominate the socio-cultural life of the people in Central Java. Patriarchal culture is not only strong in the socio-cultural system of society, but also in the internal organization of political parties. The second factor is the institutional conditions that exist in political parties and the electoral system adopted by the Indonesian government in the implementation of the 2019 legislative elections.
ÂÂ
Studi ini tentang keterbatasan gender quota (kuota perempuan) dan problem rendahnya keterwakilan perempuan di DPRD Jawa Tengah hasil Pemilu 2019. Studi ini diilhami dari fenomena rendahnya keterwakilan perempuan di termasuk Indonesia, khususnya Jawa Tengah, meskipun beragam kebijakan avirmative action dalam bentuk gender quota 30 persen baik dalam parlemen, maupun dalam struktur organisasi partai politik dan daftar pencolan para kandidat yang diajukan oleh setiap partai untuk memperebutkan kursi parlemen di Indonesia, baik di tingkat nasional maupun lokal. Untuk mengungkap masalah tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan penelitian, yaitu: pertama, mengapa keterwakilan (keterpilihan) perempuan di DPRD Jawa Tengah rendah pada pemilu 2019?; dan kedua, kondisi-kondisi kultural dan institusional seperti apa yang menghambat keterwakilan (keterpilihan) perempuan di DPRD Jawa Tengah pada pemilu 2019? Dalam menjawab dua pertanyaan di atas, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pendekatan studi kasus. Sedangkan teori gender stereotype dan supply and demand model digunakan sebagai kerangka analisis. Dimana hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa rendahnya keterwakilan perempuan di DPRD Jawa Tengah hasil Pemilu 2019 disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor berikut. Pertama, faktor sosial budaya, dimana sistem patriarki dan stereotir negatif pada perempuan masih kuat mendominasi kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat di Jawa Tengah. Budaya patriarki tidak saja kuat dalam sistem sosial budaya masyarakat, namun juga kuat dalam internal organisasi partai politik. Faktor kedua, adalah kondisi-kondisi institusional yang ada dalam partai politik maupun sistem pemilu yang diadopsi oleh pemerintah Indonesia dalam pelaksanaan Pemilu legislative2019.
Keywords: kandidat perempuan; gender quota; patriarkhi; stereotip perempuan; keterwakilan perempuan
- Alexander, D., & Andersen, K. 1993. Gender as a Factor in the Attribution of Leadership Traits.†Political Research Quarterly, 46(3).
- Aspinal, Edward dan Noor Rohman. 2017. “Village head elections in Java: Money politics and brokerage in the remaking of Indonesia's rural eliteâ€Â. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 48(1): 31–52 February, doi:10.1017/S0022463416000461.
- Aspinall, Edward dan Made Sukmajati (eds). 2016. Electoral Dynamics in Indonesia: Money Politics, Patronage and Clientelism at the Grassroots. Singapore: NUS Press.
- Basu, Amrita. 2016. Women, Dynasties, and Democracy in India, dalam K. Chandra, “Democratic Dynasties: State, Party, and Family in Contemporary Indian Politics.†Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bessel S. 2009. “Increasing the Proportion of Women in the National Parliament: Opportunities, Barriers and Challenges†dalam Edward Aspinall dan Marcus Mietzner (eds), Problems of Democratization in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS Press.
- Bessel, Sharon. 2004. “Women in Parliament in Indonesia: Denied a Share of Power. Canberra: Crawford School of Economics and Governmentâ€Â, The Australian National University, Policy and Governance Discussion Paper 04-07.
- Blackburn, Susan. 2004. Women and the State in Modern Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Brooks, D. J. 2013. He runs, she runs: Why gender stereotypes do not harm women candidates, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Darwin, Muhammad dan Tukiran (editor). 2001. Menggugat Budaya Patriarki. Yogyakarta: Pusat Penelitian Kependudukan Universitas Gadjah Mada bekerjasama dengan Ford Foundation.
- Dewi, K. Hastuti. 2015. Indonesian Women and Local Politics: Islam, Gender and Networks in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Singapore: NUS Press.
- Dolan, K. 2010. “The Impact of Gender Stereotyped Evaluations on Support for Women Candidatesâ€Â. Political Behavior 32 (1).
- Dolan, Kathleen. 2019. “Gender Stereotype, Candidate Evaluation, and Voting for Women Candidates: What Realy Matters?â€Â, Journal of Political Research Wuartly, Vol 67 (1), 96-107.
- Duerst-Lahti, G. 1998. “The Bottleneck: Women Becoming Candidates,†dalam S. Thomas & C. Wilcox (Ed.), Women and Elective Office, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. 2002. “Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.†Psychological Review 109(3).
- Fattore, C. et.al. 2010. “Support for Women Officeholders in a Non-Arab Islamic Democracy: The Case of Indonesiaâ€Â. Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 45, Issue 2.
- Hillman, B. 2017. “Increasing Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Asia and the Paciï¬Âc: The Indonesian Experienceâ€Â, Asia & the Paciï¬Âc Policy Studies, vol. 4, no. 1.
- Hillman, B. 2018. “The Limits of Gender Quotas: Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Indonesiaâ€Â. Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 48, Issue 2.
- Huddy, L. & Terkildsen, N. 1993. “Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidatesâ€Â. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 37, No. 1.
- Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2015. “Women in parliament: 20 years in reviewâ€Â. Diakses dari http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/WIP20Y-en.pdf
- Inter-Parliamentary Union. 2018. “Women in parliament in 2018: The Year in Reviewâ€Â. Diakses dari https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/pdf.
- Kittilson, MK & Schwindt-Bayer, LA. 2012. The Gendered Effect of Electoral Institutions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- KPUD Jateng. 2019. Hasil Rekapitulasi Pemilu 2019. Semarang: KPUD Jateng.
- Kurniawan, Nalom. 2014. “Keterwakilan Perempuan di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 22-24/PUU-VI/2008â€Â. Jurnal Konstitusi Volume 11, No. 4, Desember.
- Lovenduski, J. & Noris, P. (Ed). 1993. Gender and Party Politics. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
- Matsumoto, David. 1996. Culture and Pscychology. Brooks.Cole Publishing Company.
- Muhtadi, Burhanuddin. 2020. Kuasa Uang: Politik Uang dalam Pemilu Pasca-Orde Baru. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
- Newman, J. 1994. Perception and Reality: A Study Comparing the Success of Men and Women Candidates. Washington, DC: National Women’s Political Caucus.
- Norris, P. dan Lovenduski’s, J. 1995. Political Recruitment: Gender, Race, and Class in the British Parliament. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Parawansa, Khofifah Indar. 2002. “Hambatan Terhadap Partisipasi Politik Perempuan di Indonesia†dalam Internasional IDEA, Perempuan di Parlemen: Bukan sekedar Jumlah. Jakarta: Internasional IDEA.
- Parawansa, Khofifah Indar. 2002. “Institution Building: An Effort To Improve Indonesian Women’s Role And Status†dalam Bessel, S and Robinson, K (ed), Women in Indonesia. Gender equity and development. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore, 68-77.
- Prihatini, Eli S. 2018a. “Measuring Women Chances of Winning in Indonesia’s Regional Electionsâ€Â, diakses dari https://theconversation.com/measuring-womens-chances-of-winning-in-indonesias-regional-elections-95294.
- Prihatini, Ella S. 2018b. “Women’s representation in Asian parliaments: a QCA approachâ€Â. Journal of Contemporary Politics, DOI: 10.1080/13569775.2018.1520057.
- Pujangga, Raka F. 2014. “Daftar Nama Anggota DPRD Jateng Hasil Pemilu 2014â€Â. Artikel diakses dari https://jateng.tribunnews.com/2014/05/13/daftar-nama-anggota-dprd-jateng-hasil-pemilu-2014 pada 24 Agustus 2020.
- Purwati, A. 2015. “Quota Law's for Women in Politics: Implementation in Indonesiaâ€Â. Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference 6,Vol. 4, April 18-16. Kuala Lumpur: KLibel.
- Putri, Indah Adi. 2017. “Strategi Politik Perempuan Caleg Sumatera Barat dalam Pemilu 2014â€Â. Journal of Moral and Civic Education, 1 (2).
- Rhoads, E. 2012). “Women’s Political Participation in Indonesia: Decentralisation, Money Politics and Collective Memory in Baliâ€Â. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 31, 2.
- Robinson, K. 2009. Gender, Islam and democracy in Indonesia. London: Routledge.
- Rodiyah, I. 2017. “Keterwakilan Perempuan Dalam Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerahâ€Â. JKMP, Vol 1, No. 1, Maret.
- Sanbonmatsu, K. 2002. “Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choiceâ€Â. American Journal of Political Science 46 (1).
- Sindharta. 2014. “PDIP Kuasai Kursi DPRD Jawa Tengahâ€Â. Artikel diakses dari https://kbr.id/berita/05-2014/pdip_kuasai_kursi_dprd_jawa_tengah/4100.html pada 24 Agustus 2020.
- Siregar WZB. 2006. “Women and the Failure to Achieve 30 per cent Quota in the 2004–2009 National Parliaments: The Role of Electoral System.†Artikel dipresentasikan di the 20th IPSA world congress, Fukuoka, Japan, 9–13 Juli. Artikel ini sebagaimana dikutif oleh Hillman, B. 2017. “Increasing Women’s Parliamentary Representation in Asia and the Paciï¬Âc: The Indonesian Experienceâ€Â, Asia & the Paciï¬Âc Policy Studies, vol. 4, no. 1.
- Siregar, WZ Br. 2005. “Parliamentary Representation of Women in Indonesia: the Struggle for a Quotaâ€Â. Asian Journal of Women's Studies Vol. 11 No. 3.
- Siregar, WZB. 2006. “Women and The Failure To Achieve 30 Per Cent Quota In The 2004-2009 National Parliaments: The Role Of Electoral Systemâ€Â. Artikel dipresentasikan pada The 20th IPSA World Congress, Fukuoka, Japan, 9-13 July.
- Sweet-Cushman, J.. 2016. “Gender, Risk Assessment, and Political Ambition. Politics and The Life Scienceâ€Â, Vol. 35, No. 2.
- The Asia Foundation. 2013. Survey of Voter Knoledge, Attitude, and Practice. Jakarta
- Umar, Nasaruddin. 1999. Argumen Kesetaraan Gender: Perspektif al-Quran. Jakarta: Paramadina.
- Usu, Novi Rusnarty. 2010. “Affirmative Action in Indonesia: The Gender Quota System in the 2004 and 2009 Elections. AsiaOnlineâ€Â, Flinders Asia Centre Occasional Paper 1, March.
- Uyun, Quratul. 2002. “Peran Gender dalam Budaya Jawaâ€Â. Jurnal Psikologika, Nomor 13, VII; 32-42.
- Wardani, Sri Budi Eko, dkk. 2009. Potret Keterpilihan Perempuan di Legislatif pada Pemilu 2009. Jakarta: Puskapol Universitas Indonesia.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.